{"id":2422,"date":"2013-02-19T01:00:00","date_gmt":"2013-02-18T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2016-01-28T02:15:07","modified_gmt":"2016-01-27T22:15:07","slug":"%e1%83%92%e1%83%a3%e1%83%a2%e1%83%94%e1%83%9c%e1%83%91%e1%83%94%e1%83%a0%e1%83%92%e1%83%98%e1%83%a1-%e1%83%91%e1%83%94%e1%83%ad%e1%83%93%e1%83%a3%e1%83%a0%e1%83%98-%e1%83%a0%e1%83%94%e1%83%95%e1%83%9d","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mastsavlebeli.ge\/?p=2422","title":{"rendered":"\u10d2\u10e3\u10e2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d1\u10d4\u10ed\u10d3\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10dd\u10da\u10e3\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1, \u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10d8\u10dc\u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10e1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d8\u10d6\u10e3\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 (\u10ee\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 &#8211; 3D) \u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10de\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4 \u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10e3\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10ea \u10e8\u10e3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd, \u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10d2\u10dd \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d8\u10e5\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10ee\u10e1\u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10d7, \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10dc\u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d6\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e4\u10d8\u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 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\u10e4\u10d8\u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 (\u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10da. tokens) \u10e4\u10e0\u10d8\u10dc\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1, \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10ea\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d7\u10e3 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10e3\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e6\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10db \u10d9\u10d0\u10ea\u10dd\u10d1\u10e0\u10d8\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d8\u10db\u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10dd \u10e1\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10db\u10d0 \u10db\u10d4\u10e1\u10dd\u10de\u10dd\u10e2\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10e8\u10d5\u10d0. \u10d8\u10d2\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10e0\u10ea\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10db\u10d7\u10d4\u10da \u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10dd \u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d7\u10e8\u10d8 \u10eb\u10d5. \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10d7\u10d0\u10e6\u10e0\u10d8\u10ea\u10ee\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 VII \u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e1\u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc (Schmandt-Besserat, How Writing Came About, 1996).<\/p>\n<p>\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/uploads\/resursebi\/71910_4561663955143_1747540984_n.jpg\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" style=\"\" \/><\/p><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u10d7\u10d8\u10ee\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10d8\u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10e2\u10e8\u10d8 (Bulla) \u10db\u10dd\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10ef\u10d4\u10e0 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d5 \u10e0\u10d1\u10d8\u10da \u10d6\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10e4\u10d8\u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10ed\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d0\u10e6\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc, \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e4\u10d8\u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d8\u10d3\u10dd \u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10e2\u10e8\u10d8 (\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d6 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10e7\u10e0\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10eb\u10d4, \u10d7\u10d4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10d7\u10db\u10d4\u10ea\u10dc\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10e1\u10d8, 2008).<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 #1<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 #1<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10e2-\u10d1\u10d4\u10e1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d8\u10d2\u10dc\u10d8. \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d6\u10d4 \u10e7\u10d3\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 \u10e2\u10dd\u10d9\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8.<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n\t<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd: \u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10e2-\u10d1\u10d4\u10e1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10e2\u10d4\u10ee\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1\u10d8\u10e2\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1\u10d0\u10d8\u10e2\u10d6\u10d4: https:\/\/webspace.utexas.edu\/dsbay\/index.html<\/p><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">IV \u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e1\u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc, \u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d0 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\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10ed\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ea\u10d5\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10ec\u10e7\u10d4\u10e1 \u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10e1\u10d8\u10d7 &#8211; \u10e9\u10ee\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7 &#8211; \u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0. \u10d0\u10e5\u10d5\u10d4 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e9\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1, \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10e0\u10d8\u10dc\u10ea\u10d8\u10de\u10db\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10d1\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10f0\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10db\u10d0 \u10e3\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0: \u10dc\u10d0\u10ea\u10d5\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db, \u10d5\u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10d7, 33-\u10ef\u10d4\u10e0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10d7 \u10e5\u10d8\u10da\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e4\u10d8\u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0, \u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10e1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10ef\u10d4\u10e0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc \u10d0\u10d7\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10e1, \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10ef\u10d4\u10e0 &#8211; \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10e1 &#8211; \u10e3\u10e8\u10e3\u10d0\u10da\u10dd\u10d3 \u10e5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d8\u10db\u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10e1. \u10d0\u10db\u10d2\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3, 33 \u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ea\u10d5\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10ee\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc \u10e8\u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10e1 (Schmandt-Besserat, The History of Counting, 1999).<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10e0\u10d4\u10ec\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ed\u10d0\u10e0\u10d1\u10d8 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10e3\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1, \u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ea\u10ee\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e6\u10e1\u10d0\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e1\u10d8\u10db\u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d3\u10d0\u10ec\u10e7\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e3\u10e5\u10ea\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10dd\u10e9\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0. \u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10dc\u10d0\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d8\u10d2\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e3\u10d6\u10e0\u10e3\u10dc\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10e7\u10dd \u10d0\u10d1\u10e0\u10d0\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d2\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10db\u10d0, \u10d8\u10e3\u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10d6\u10db\u10db\u10d0, \u10e5\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10db \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e1\u10da\u10d0\u10db\u10db\u10d0. \u10e0\u10d0\u10db \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10ea\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4 \u10d1\u10d8\u10eb\u10d2\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d4\u10ed\u10d3\u10e3\u10e0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10dd\u10da\u10e3\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1? \u10ea\u10ee\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10d0, \u10e5\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10db, \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10e2\u10d4\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8\u10d6\u10db\u10db\u10d0, \u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d0\u10db, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10e1\u10ed\u10d8\u10e0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e8\u10e3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10e6\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc. \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10e2\u10d4\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10ee\u10d0\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10dc\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d4\u10da \u10d3\u10d4\u10e4\u10dd\u10e1 &#8220;\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10dc\u10d6\u10dd\u10dc \u10d9\u10e0\u10e3\u10d6\u10dd&#8221; &#8211; \u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3 \u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10d0\u10d6\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10e2\u10d4\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8, \u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10d0\u10ea \u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0 \u10ea\u10dd\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd, \u10e0\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d4\u10ec\u10e7\u10dd, \u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10d9\u10d8 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d8\u10d2\u10dc\u10d8, \u10d1\u10d8\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 \u10f0\u10e5\u10dd\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0. \u10d7\u10d8\u10d7\u10dd\u10d4\u10e3\u10da \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10e2\u10d4\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e2\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d8\u10d7\u10dd \u10d1\u10d8\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 \u10e1\u10ed\u10d8\u10e0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0. \u10ea\u10dd\u10e2\u10d0\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e5\u10dc\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10ed\u10d3\u10d8 \u10de\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10dd\u10d1\u10e0\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d4\u10ed\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10ec\u10e7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e3\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10d3\u10d0. \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3 \u10da\u10e3\u10d7\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 95 \u10d7\u10d4\u10d6\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10e0\u10ea\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e4\u10d0\u10e1\u10d3\u10d0\u10e3\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e0\u10dd\u10da\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d0\u10e1\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d0 \u10d1\u10d4\u10ed\u10d3\u10d5\u10d0\u10db. \u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10e1\u10e3\u10da \u10e0\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10ea \u10dd\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2 \u10d2\u10d4\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d7\u10d4\u10da \u10d4\u10d5\u10e0\u10dd\u10de\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d4\u10d6\u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e3\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4 300 000 \u10d1\u10d4\u10ed\u10d3\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e1\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0 (Ricardo Duchesne, Asia first?, 2006).<\/p><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10ed\u10d3\u10d8 \u10de\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d4\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u10dd\u10e5\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10ed\u10d4\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10d0, \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d2\u10dd\u10db \u10d9\u10d8 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10ea\u10d4\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u10d8\u10dd\u10f0\u10d0\u10dc \u10d2\u10e3\u10e2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d2\u10db\u10d0 1440 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1, \u10d4.\u10d8. \u10ef\u10d4\u10e0 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d5 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10e0\u10d7\u10dd \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10db\u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e5\u10db\u10dc\u10d0. \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d9 \u10e2\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10dd\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0: &#8220;\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd, \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10ea \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10d2\u10d8 \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1, \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d8 \u10d7\u10e3 \u10ea\u10e3\u10d3\u10d8 &#8211; \u10d2\u10e3\u10e2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d2\u10e1 \u10d4\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10d5\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1&#8221; (Diana Childress, Johannes Gutenberg and the Printing Press, 2008).<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7, \u10d2\u10e3\u10e2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d2\u10e1 \u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e3\u10e5\u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0:<\/p><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u10e5\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d3\u10d8 \u10ef\u10d4\u10e0 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d5 105 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1, \u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d6\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10d2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10e1 \u10e9\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10db\u10d0.<br \/>\n\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/uploads\/resursebi\/2.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" style=\"\" \/>\n\t<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u10e5\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e9\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e1\u10dc\u10dd<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n\t<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0 \u10e9\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d7\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10ea\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2 \u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d4 \u10dc\u10d4\u10da-\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10e0\u10ea\u10d4\u10da\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d7\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10e7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d1\u10d0\u10e6\u10d3\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10d7 (Meggs, A History of Graphic Design, 1998). \u10da\u10d4\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10db\u10d0\u10d3, \u10e5\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d8\u10d3\u10e3\u10db\u10da\u10dd \u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d0 \u10e9\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u10e2\u10e3\u10e1\u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d0\u10db\u10df\u10e6\u10d0\u10d5\u10dc\u10d0 (Silim Quraishi, A survey of the development of papermaking in Islamic Countries 1989). \u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10e7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10e3\u10e1\u10da\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0. \u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e5\u10dc\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d1\u10d0\u10e6\u10d3\u10d0\u10d3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10ec\u10d0 (Fahrid Mahdavi, Review: Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World by Jonathan M. Bloom, 2003). \u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d0 \u10db\u10e3\u10e1\u10da\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d6\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ed\u10d8\u10e0\u10dd \u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10e0\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10e9\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d9\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10e0 \u10d0\u10e5\u10e3\u10ea\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc, \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10d3 \u10e1\u10de\u10d4\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ea\u10ee\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc. \u10e1\u10d0\u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10ee\u10db\u10dd\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10e5\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d6\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e3\u10db\u10ef\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d4\u10e0\u10ee\u10d8 \u10e3\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc, \u10e9\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d1\u10e0\u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 (Dard Hunter, Papermaking: the history and technique of an ancient craft, 1978). \u10ea\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10db\u10d4\u10ea\u10ee\u10e0\u10d4 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d8\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc \u10e5\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d3\u10e1, \u10d7\u10e3\u10db\u10ea\u10d0 \u10e7\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10d8\u10dc\u10ea \u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d6\u10d4 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d8\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0. \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d1\u10e3\u10da \u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10db\u10d8\u10d8\u10e7\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d8\u10dc\u10eb\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8 (Al-Hassani, 1001 Inventions, Muslim heritage in Our World, 2006). \u10e2\u10e7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e7\u10d3\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e9\u10d0\u10e1\u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d1\u10e0\u10d4\u10e8\u10e3\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10eb\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10d7 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d8\u10d2\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10db\u10e1\u10e3\u10d1\u10e3\u10e5\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10dc\u10d0\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d8\u10d2\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8. \u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc, \u10e5\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d3\u10d8 \u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10d7 \u10e3\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d4\u10e1\u10e2\u10e1. \u10db\u10d4\u10d7\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10d4 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10d9\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5 \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10e8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e9\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d8\u10d2\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8\u10d0, \u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d9\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d8\u10d2\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10e7\u10d8\u10d3\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d7\u10d0 \u10e5\u10e3\u10e9\u10d0, \u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ea \u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10db\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd. \u10e1\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10d6\u10d0\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ea\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7, 1035 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10de\u10e2\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8, \u10d9\u10d0\u10d8\u10e0\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e5\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d3\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e7\u10d8\u10d3\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10e3\u10e5\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ea \u10d9\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc (Diana Twede, The Origins of Paper Based Packaging, 2005). \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10ef\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10da\u10d0\u10e8\u10e5\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2 \u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10db\u10e3\u10d3\u10db\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8 \u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10d9\u10da\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d9\u10dd, \u10d4\u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10de\u10e2\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10eb\u10d4\u10da\u10d3\u10d0, \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10da \u10e5\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d3\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d0\u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0.<\/p><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u10db\u10d4\u10ea\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10d4 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d1\u10db\u10d0 \u10d5\u10d0\u10ed\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10db\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10dd\u10d4\u10d7\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e9\u10d0\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10e1, \u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ea \u10db\u10d0\u10dc \u10d7\u10d8\u10d7\u10e5\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d7\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e9\u10d0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10ea\u10d5\u10da\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e5\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 (Steven Fischer, A History of Writing 2004).<\/p><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u10d4\u10d5\u10e0\u10dd\u10de\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10eb\u10e3\u10da\u10d6\u10d4 (Peninsula Iberica), \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10da \u10de\u10dd\u10e0\u10e2\u10e3\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d4\u10e1\u10de\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10e8\u10d8, \u10db\u10d4\u10d0\u10d7\u10d4 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8, \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d1\u10d7\u10d0 \u10d1\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8, \u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10e0\u10ea\u10d4\u10da\u10d3\u10d0, \u10d8\u10e5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10d9\u10d8 1400 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10ee\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d2\u10d4\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10e6\u10ec\u10d8\u10d0. \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10eb\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d5\u10e0\u10dd\u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10dd\u10d9\u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d0, \u10d4\u10e1\u10de\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10e8\u10d8, \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10dd\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10e8\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10ea\u10e3\u10da\u10d8. \u10d8\u10d2\u10d8 154 \u10e4\u10e3\u10e0\u10ea\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 1151 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10eb\u10e3\u10da\u10d6\u10d4, \u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5 \u10ee\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e5\u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 (Fuller, Neathery Batsell A Brief history of paper, 2002). \u10ea\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d3\u10e1 \u10e3\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4 1276 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10d0\u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc. \u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5 \u10e4\u10d0\u10d1\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 1300 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10e1 \u10ed\u10d5\u10d8\u10e0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8. \u10e1\u10ec\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d3 \u10d2\u10e3\u10e2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e8\u10dd\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0 \u10db\u10d0\u10d8\u10dc\u10ea\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e9\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d4\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10e4\u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0 1320 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1, 1390 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d8 \u10e3\u10da\u10db\u10d0\u10dc \u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10db\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10dc\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d2\u10d8\u10e1 &#8220;\u10e5\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d8\u10e1\u10e5\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8&#8221; \u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d0 (Neathery Fuller, A Brief history of paper, 2002).<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/uploads\/resursebi\/3.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" style=\"\" \/>\n\t<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10e3\u10da \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d4 \u10d5\u10d0\u10ed\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0 \u10d0\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d0\u10db\u10e9\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0, \u10e0\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10e5\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d1\u10d8\u10d6\u10dc\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d0\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10ea \u10e2\u10d4\u10e5\u10dc\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3 \u10eb\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d9\u10dd \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e4\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10e9\u10d4\u10e1\u10d9\u10dd \u10d3\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d9\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e9\u10d0\u10d8\u10e7\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10dc\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d2\u10e8\u10d8. \u10e1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 (\u10e5\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d6\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d4.\u10ec. \u10d7\u10d4\u10d5\u10d6\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10d8\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc) \u10d3\u10d0 \u10ee\u10db\u10d0\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd \u10e8\u10e3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d0\u10ec\u10d4\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0, \u10e0\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10eb\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10e5\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd \u10d3\u10d0\u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1.<\/p><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10ef\u10dd\u10dc \u10e2\u10d4\u10d8\u10e2\u10db\u10d0 \u10ec\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10ec\u10e7\u10dd \u10f0\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d3\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10e8\u10d8 1490 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1, \u10d7\u10e3\u10db\u10ea\u10d0 \u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10ea\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e1\u10dc\u10dd \u10d8\u10e5 1588 \u10ec\u10da\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e9\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10da\u10d0 &#8211; \u10d8\u10e5\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4, \u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d4\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10ea\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10ef\u10dd\u10dc \u10e8\u10de\u10d8\u10da\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10e1\u10dc\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd.<\/p><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u10e5\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d3\u10d8 \u10e9\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10d4\u10d5\u10e0\u10dd\u10de\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d8\u10e4\u10e3\u10d6\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d6\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10e0\u10ea\u10d4\u10da\u10d3\u10d0, \u10d7\u10e3\u10db\u10ea\u10d0 \u10db\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d6\u10d4 \u10e9\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10d7\u10d0\u10e6\u10e0\u10d8\u10ea\u10ee\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10ee\u10e3\u10d7\u10d4 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e2\u10dd\u10db\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10f0\u10e5\u10dd\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10da-\u10e1 \u10e3\u10ec\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0 (The Construction of the Codex In Classic and post classic Period, Maya Civilization, Maya Codex and Paper Making ).<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n\t<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/uploads\/resursebi\/4.jpg\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" style=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n\t<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u10db\u10d0\u10e8, \u10e0\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10dd\u10da\u10e3\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10ee\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d2\u10e3\u10e2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d2\u10db\u10d0? \u10e3\u10ee\u10d4\u10e8\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10d5\u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10d7, \u10d0\u10dc\u10d1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10d2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10e1, \u10e5\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d3\u10d8 &#8211; \u10e9\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e7\u10e3\u10e0\u10eb\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ec\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d6\u10d2\u10d0\u10ea, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10ed\u10d3 \u10de\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d2\u10e3\u10e2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d2\u10db\u10d0, \u10e3\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4 \u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0, \u10ee\u10d4\u10d6\u10d4 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d7\u10e3 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\u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10ee\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10db\u10d7\u10d4\u10da \u10d2\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10d3\u10e1 \u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc, \u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10da\u10d4\u10d1 \u10e8\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d3\u10d0\u10d7, \u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4 \u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0, \u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc, \u10e7\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d6\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10e1\u10d0\u10ed\u10d8\u10e0\u10dd). 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\u10d2\u10d4\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10da\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10ed\u10d3\u10d0 (John Klooster, Icons of invention: the makers of the modern world from Gutenberg to Gates, 2009) \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10e0\u10ec\u10db\u10e3\u10dc\u10d0 \u10db\u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5\u10d4 \u10d8\u10e3\u10f0\u10d0\u10dc \u10e4\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d0\u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10ea\u10d4\u10db\u10da\u10dd \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 8000 \u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0. \u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10ec\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10ec\u10e7\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e3\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10d4\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0 \u10e8\u10d8\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e4\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d8\u10eb\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10d3\u10d0. \u10e8\u10d8\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d6\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10ea\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10f0\u10e5\u10dd\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10e3\u10e2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10da\u10d8\u10d7\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e5\u10db\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e1\u10dc\u10dd\u10db \u10d1\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0 \u10f0\u10dd\u10e4 \u10f0\u10e3\u10db\u10d1\u10e0\u10d4\u10ee\u10e2\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10d3\u10dd, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10d2\u10e3\u10e2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10e3\u10da \u10dc\u10d0\u10d7\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1 \u10d4\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10d5\u10dc\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0.<\/p><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u10e3\u10ea\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10ec\u10e7\u10dd \u10d2\u10e3\u10e2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d2\u10db\u10d0 \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10ea\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10da \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 &#8211; \u10d1\u10d8\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4. \u10d5\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10d7, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10d0\u10db \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 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\u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d0\u10db \u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d5\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10ec\u10e7\u10d4\u10e1. \u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e1\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10ea \u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4 \u10ec\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10ee\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0. \u10d2\u10e3\u10e2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d2\u10db\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10e1\u10d9\u10e0\u10d8\u10de\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10d5\u10dc\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10da\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d6\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10e3\u10eb\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e5\u10db\u10dc\u10d0, \u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e1\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8.<\/p><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u10e1\u10e3\u10da \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10d1\u10d4\u10ed\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d1\u10d8\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 180 \u10d4\u10d2\u10d6\u10d4\u10db\u10de\u10da\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8, \u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10d4\u10e1\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 &#8211; \u10e5\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d3\u10d6\u10d4, \u10dc\u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d8 \u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d6\u10d4. \u10d2\u10e3\u10e2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d1\u10d8\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d5\u10e3\u10da\u10d2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10ed\u10d3 \u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1. \u10e1\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10d4\u10e2-\u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e1\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 48 \u10ea\u10d0\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10e6\u10ec\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10eb\u10d5\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e6\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da \u10d1\u10e3\u10d9\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0 \u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d8\u10d7\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10dd \u10d0\u10e1\u10da\u10d8 1978 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e7\u10d8\u10d3\u10e3\u10da\u10d0. \u10d2\u10e3\u10e2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d1\u10d8\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e5\u10ea\u10d0 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da \u10e1\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10da \u10ec\u10d8\u10d2\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10db\u10dd\u10eb\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8 \u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e1\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d8\u10e5\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d0\u10ec\u10e7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8. \u10db\u10d0\u10dc \u10d3\u10d0\u10e3\u10d3\u10dd \u10e1\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4 \u10d2\u10e3\u10e2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10dd\u10da\u10e3\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d1\u10d4\u10ed\u10d3\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d8\u10d2\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d7\u10e8\u10d8.<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n\t<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1, \u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10d8\u10dc\u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10e1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d8\u10d6\u10e3\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 (\u10ee\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 &#8211; 3D) \u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10de\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4 \u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10e3\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10ea \u10e8\u10e3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd, \u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10d2\u10dd \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d8\u10e5\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10ee\u10e1\u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10d7, \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10dc\u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d6\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e4\u10d8\u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d6\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4. \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10e8\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e3\u10d0\u10db\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7-\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10ea\u10d4\u10e4\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10d6 \u10e8\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10e2-\u10d1\u10d4\u10e1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10e1 \u10d4\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10d5\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1. \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10f0\u10d8\u10de\u10dd\u10d7\u10d4\u10d6\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10db\u10d0\u10d3, \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10dc\u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10ea\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10db \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10ea \u10d0\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4\u10e3\u10da \u10db\u10d8\u10ec\u10d0\u10d7\u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10db\u10d4\u10d3 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10dd\u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ed\u10d0\u10e0\u10d1\u10d8 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[39],"tags":[217],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u10d2\u10e3\u10e2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d1\u10d4\u10ed\u10d3\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10dd\u10da\u10e3\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0 - mastsavlebeli.ge<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mastsavlebeli.ge\/?p=2422\" \/>\n<meta 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